U.S. Steel Tariffs free essay sample

An opinion essay defending U.S. Steel tariffs recently imposed by the Bush administration on imported steel. This paper explains the U.S. Steel tariffs and when and why they were put in place. It presents an argument defending the tariffs, and discusses how these tariffs impact international business and world wide relations for the United States. On March 5, 2002, the Bush administration imposed a 30 percent tariff on steel imports over the next three years. The tariffs exclude members of the North American Free Trade Agreement, including Canada and Mexico. Imports from developing nations that account for less than 3 percent of the total for individual steel product lines are also excluded. Duties ranging from 8 percent to 30 percent took effect on March 20, 2002. The tariffs cover flat-rolled steel and other steel product imports from countries including Brazil, South Korea, Japan, Russia, Germany, Turkey, France, China, Australia, and the Netherlands and will remain in place for three years (Bush 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on U.S. Steel Tariffs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page President Bush faced few alternatives to save the nations beleaguered steel industry. United States trade representative, Robert Zoellick, expressed that the American steel industry was basically up against the wall and that Bushs actions would restore the strength and profitability of the industry. Approximately thirty-one steel companies have filed for bankruptcy since 1998, the year of the Asian financial crisis that prompted a flood of cheap steel into the United States, causing steel prices to tumble to 20 year lows. The Bush administration defended import restrictions as an effort to eliminate some of the 200 million tons of global excess steel-making capacity (Bush 2002). Originally demanding 40 percent tariffs over four years, the U.S. steel makers seem content with the imposed 30 percent over three years. The Bush administration faced strong political pressure to protect the industry from the crushing effects of imports from the political battleground states such as Penn sylvania, Ohio and Illinois (Bush 2002).

Obligations Essays

Obligations Essays Obligations Essay Obligations Essay OBLIGATIONS From latin words, obligatio/obligare to tie or to bind Juridical necessity enforceable to courts 1) CIVIL (positive) and Natural 2) REQUISITES OF OBLIGATION a) Active creditor / obligee has the right b) Passive debtor / obligor has the duty c) Prestation object / subject matter c. i) Obligation to give (Real Obligation) (c. i. l) Determinate Thing res perit domino thing perishes with the owner (c. i. l . a) Standard care diligence of a good father / if the law so provides, NEVER EXEMPTED (c. i. l . b) Deliver the thing and its fruits Delivery/Tradicion Ownership and other Real Rights are acquired and transmitted (c. i. l . b. i) Fruits of the Thing c. i. l. b. i. l. KINDS c. i. l . b. i. l . a. Natural Fruits -w/ human intervention c. i. l . b. i. l . b. Industrial Fruits cultivation or labor c. i. l . b. i. l . c. Civil Fruits Judicial relation (c. i. l . c) Obligation to deliver arises at the perfection of the contract or at the time of the fulfillment of the condition or expiration of the period. (c. i. l . d) Rights of the creditor (c. i. l . d. i) Real Right no passive subject, therefore enforceable against the world lus in re (c. . l . d. i) Personal Right enforceable against a particular person Jus in personam or Jus ad rem (c. i. l . e) ACCESSIONS additions / improvements (c. i. l. f) ACCESSORIES ornament or make the thing complete (c. i. l . g) Remedies of the Creditor (c. i. l . g. i) Compel to complete obligation (c. i. l . g. ii) Demand damages (c. i. 2) Generic thing genus nunquam perit ge neric thing never perishes (c. i. 2. a) Remedies of the creditor (c. i. 2. a. i) Compel to complete obligation, even if due to fortuitous event (c. i. 2. a. ii) Demand damages c. ii) Obligation to do (Personal Obligation [+]) (c. i. l) Remedies of the creditor (c. i. l . a) Fails to perform or perform but didnt follow what is agreed upon (contravention of the tenor of the obligation) (c. ii. l . a. i) Execute at the expense of the debtor (c. ii. l . a. ii) Demand damages (c. ii. l . b) Perform poorly (c. ii. l . b. i) Whats done be undone at the expense of the debtor (c. ii. l . b. ii) Demand damages the creditor (c. iii. l . a) What is done be undone (c. iii. l . b) Demand damages d) Efficient Cause vinculum Juris / legal or Juridical tie d. i) SOURCES (d. i. l) Law (d. i. l . a) Kinds of Law (d. . l . a. i) State Law Constitution made by the people made by the representative elected Statutes d. i. l . a. i. l. Civil Law d. i. l . a. i. l . a. Obligation and Contracts d. i. l . a. i. l . b. Sales . c. Agency d. i. l . a. i. l . d. Credit Transactions . e. Partnership d. i. l . a. i. 2. Commercial Law d. i. l . a. i. 2. a. Private Corporations d. i. l . a. i. 2. b. Negotiable Instruments Law d. i. l . a. i. 3. Criminal Law d. i. l . a. i. 4. Remedial Law d. i. l . a. i. 5. Political Law d. i. l . a. i. 6. International Law d. i. l . a. i. 7. Labor Law (d. i. l . a. i) Non-State Law d. i. l . a. ii. l. Divine Law -God d. i. l . a. ii. 2. Natural Law Individual d. i. l . a. ii. 3. Moral Law Community d. i. l . a. i. 4. Physical Law Science (d. i. l . b) General Principles and Concepts (d. i. l . b. i) IGNORANTIA LEGIS NON EXCUSAT (d. i. l . b. ii) LEX PROSPICIT NON RESPICIT (d. i. l . b. iii) Obligations derived from law are not presumed (d. i. l . b. iv) Any statute violates constitution is void (d. i. 2) Contracts (d. i. 2. a) Kinds of Contracts (d. i. 2. a. i) Perfection d. i. 2. a. i. 1 . Consensual through consent d. i. 2. a. i. 2. Formal through public instrument d. i. 2. a. i. 3. Real through delivery (d. i. 2. a. ii) Independent Existence d. i. 2. a. ii. 1. Principal d. i. 2. a. ii. 2. Accessory dependent of another d. i. . a. iii. 1 . Onerous w/ consideration d. i. 2. a. iii. 2. Gratuitous (d. i. 2. a. iv) Designation d. i. 2. a. iv. 1. Nominate d. i. 2. a. iv. 1 . a. Do ut des d. i. 2. a. iv. 2. Innominate d. i. 2. a. iv. 2. a. Do ut des give that you may do BARTER give that you may give BARTER d. i. 2. a. iv. 2. b. Do ut facias d. i. 2. a. iv. 2. c. Facio ut des do that you may give d. i. 2. . iv. 2. d. Facio ut facias do that you may do (d. i. 2. a. v) Number d. i. 2. a. v. 1. Bilateral d. i. 2. a. v. 2. Unilateral (d. i. 2. a. vi) Existence of Defect d. i. 2. a. vi. 1. Perfectly Valid d. i. 2. a. vi. 2. Defective d. i. 2. a. vi. . a. Rescissible d. i. 2. a. vi. 2. b. Voidable valid until annulled d. i. 2. a. vi. 2. c. Unenforceable d. i. 2. a. vi. 3. Void (d. i. 2. b) General Principles and C oncepts (d. i. 2. b. i) Consent, Object, Cause (d. i. 2. b. ii) Perfected by mere consent (d. i. 2. b. iii) In good faith (d. i. 2. b. iv) Void: cannot produce legal effect (d. . 3) Quasi-Contracts (d. i. 3. a) Kinds (d. i. 3. a. i) Negotiorum Gestio property managed (d. i. 3. a. ii) Solutio Indebiti mistaken payment (d. i. 3. a. iii) Others d. i. 3. a. iii. 1 . Money lent d. i. 3. a. iii. 2. Funeral Expense d. i. 3. a. iii. 3. Support to an incapacitated person . i. 3. a. iii. 4. Accident d. i. 3. a. iii. 5. Property Saved d. i. 3. a. iii. 6. Failure to comply d. i. 3. a. iii. 7. Co-ownership d. i. 3. a. iii. 8. Contribution to expenses which he benefited d. i. 3. a. iii. 9. Paid taxes of another (d. i. 3. b) General Principles and Concepts (d. i. 3. b. ) Consent is absent (d. i. 3. b. ii) Prevent unjust enrichments (d. i. 4) Delict / Felony / Crime / MALA (d. i. 4. a) Kinds (d. i. 4. a. i) Mala En Se Wrong by Itself (d. i. 4. a. ii) Mala Prohibita Wrong because it is prohibite d (d. i. 4. b) General Principles and Concepts (d. i. 4. b. i) Act done is punishable by law as a crime d. i. 4. b. ii) Gives rise to Civil and Criminal Obligation unless Justified BY LAW (d. i. 4. b. iii) Maybe exempted from Criminal Liability but not Civil Liability (d. i. 5) Quasi-Delicts / TORTS / Culpa Aquiliana / Civil Negligence (d. i. 5. a) Kinds (d. i. 5. a. ) Single Tortfeasor only one is liable (d. i. 5. a. ii) Joint Tortfeasor more than 1 is liable (d. i. 5. b) General Principles and Concepts (d. i. 5. b. i) PROXIMATE CAUSE DOCTRINE (d. i. 5. b. ii) CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE DOCTRINE reduces liability (d. i. 5. b. iii) DOCTRINE OF LAST CLEAR CHANCE (d. i. 5. b. N) IF CONTRACT EXIST, not a quasi-deltct ) GROUNDS FOR LIABILITY TO PAY DAMAGES (about prestatton) Presumptions: Disputable, there may be rebutted by contrary evidence. Therefore, it can be proven wrong. ***conclusive no evidence to the contrary may be admitted, it cant be proven wrong 1 . Receipt of the principal w/o reservation to interest INTEREST HAS BEEN PAID 2. Receipt of installment w/o reservation to prior installments INSTALLMENTS HAS BEEN PAID INJURY wrongful, unlawful, tortuous act DAMAGES harm done; some of money can be recovered KINDS of Damages 1 . Actual or Compensatory pecuniary loss; value of loss suffered + profit unrealized 2. Moral physical suffering, mental anguish, social humiliation, etc. 3. Nominal to vindicate a right 4. Temperate or Moderate > Nominal; Exemplary or Corrective in addition to other damages a) Fraud or DOLO deliberate or intentional evasion; dishonesty; must be clearly proved; Demandable in all kinds; Negligence in bad faith; a. i) Kinds (a. i. l) Causal Fraud or Dolo Causante From the start vitiates consent therefore, voidable. (a. i. 2) Incidental Fraud or Dolo Incidente After valid contract a. ii) WAIVER (a. i. l) Past Fraud valid (a. ii. 2) Future Fraud void b) Negligence or Culpa unintentional; voluntary act of omission of diligence; recoverable in all kinds b. i) Kinds (b. i. ) Contractual Negligence or Culpa Contractual performance of contract *Master-servant Rule defense of a good father is not a defense on the part of an employer although, it may mitigate liability (b. i. 2) Civil Negligence or Culpa Aquiliania or Quasi-delict acts or omission caused damage *Master-servant Rule NOT APPLICABLE *Master-servant Rule Applicable c) Delay or Default or Mora nonfulfillment, w/ respect to time c. i) Ki nds c. i. l) Mora Solvendi by the debtor; liable if involves a determinate thing in a fortuitous event; liable for interest or damage (c. . l . a) Ex Re w/ real obligation (c. i. l . b) Ex Persona w/ personal obligation (c. i. 2) Mora Accipiendi by the creditor; bears the risk of loss, no right in the interest; consignment (c. i. 3) Compensatio Morae both parties therefore, theres no delay c. ii) Requisites (c. ii. l) Past due (c. ii. 2) Demand exist (c. ii. 3) Does not comply c. iii) When demand is no longer necessary (c. iii. l) Law so provides taxes (c. iii. 2) Expressed written in the contract (c. iii. ) Essence rent a bridal car (c. iii. 4) Useless already destroyed (c. iii. ) In reciprocal obligation d) Contravention of the tenor of the obligation did not follow what is agreed upon e) Fortuitous Event e. i) Kinds (e. i. l) As to Manner of Occurrence (e. i. l . a) Totally Unexpected unforseen (e. i. l . b) Expected forseen but cant be avoided or prevented (e. i. 2) As to its Nature (e. i. 2. a) Acts of Man human will except of the debtor (e. i. 2. b) Acts of God (Force Majeure) independent of human will e. ii) Requisites (e. ii. l) Free from any participation (e. ii. 2) Independent of debtors will (e. ii. ) Impossibility to comply (e. ii. ) Unforeseen or inevitable e. iii) Due to Fortuitous event, still liable: (e. iii. l) Law so provides (e. iii. 2) Expressed or declared or stipulated (e. iii. 3) Nature 4) Claims against Debtor a) Property possession of the debtor sell, proceeds go to creditor b) Accion subrogatoria exercise all rights, bring all action except personal b. i) All rights are transmissible EXCEPTION (b. i. l) Law prohibits general partner (b. i. 2) Parties agreed against stipulation (b. i. 3) By nature is not transmissible scholarship c) Accion Pauliana impugn the acts that was done to defraud creditors

Brainstorming and Ideas Essay Sample

What is Brainstorming?* Brainstorming is a tool used by squads to convey out the thoughts of each person and show them in an orderly manner to the remainder of the squad. * Brainstorming creates new thoughts. solves jobs. motivates and develops squads. Brainstorming motivates because it involves members of a squad in bigger direction issues. and it gets a squad working together. However. brainstorming is non merely a random activity. Brainstorming demands to be structured and it follows brainstorming regulations. The brainstorming procedure is described below. for which you will necessitate a flip-chart or alternate. * This is important as Brainstorming demands to affect the squad. which means that everyone must be able to see what’s go oning. Brainstorming places a important load on the facilitator to pull off the procedure. people’s engagement and sensitivenesss. and so to pull off the follow up actions. Use Brainstorming good and you will see first-class consequences in bettering the organisation. public presentation. and developing the squad. Why should a squad make Brainstorming? Brainstorming helps a squad interruption free of old and uneffective thoughts. This free-wheeling technique for bring forthing thoughts may bring forth some that seem crazy. but it can take to new and original solutions to jobs. Some of the specific benefits of Brainstorming: * Encourages creativeness. It expands your thought to include all facets of a job or a solution. You can place a broad scope of options. * Quickly produces a big figure of thoughts. By promoting people to offer whatever thoughts come to mind. it helps groups develop many thoughts rapidly. * Equalizes engagement by all squad members. It provides anon-judgmental environment that encourages everyone to offer thoughts. All thoughts are recorded. * Stephen fosters a sense of ownership. Having all members actively take part in the Brainstorming procedure Fosters a sense of ownership in the subject discussed and in the resulting activities. When the people on a squad contribute personally to the way of a determination. they are more likely to back up it. * Provides input to other tools. You may desire to affinitize the brainstormed thoughts. And. if appropriate. you can work with the squad to cut down the figure of thoughts by Multi-voting. Brainstorming is utile when you want to bring forth a big figure of thoughts about issues to undertake. possible causes of jobs. attacks to utilize. or actions to take. What are the land regulations for Brainstorming?For all participants to bask a originative and productive Brainstorming experience. the facilitator needs to reexamine and acquire team members’ buy-in on the land regulations for the session. These are the regulations: * Active engagement by all squad members. Everyone expresses his or her thoughts. even if they seem silly or far out. * No discussion—criticisms. regards. or other comments—during the insight. * Build on thoughts generated by other squad members. * All thoughts written precisely as presented and displayed where everyone can see them. * Set a clip bound.* Clarify thoughts. After the insight. travel over the list to do certain that all squad members understand the thoughts. Remember that you are merely clear uping the thoughts. non doing judgements about them. * Combine thoughts. See whether two or more thoughts that appear to be the same can be combined. How is a Brainstorming session conducted? The recommended sequence for carry oning Brainstorming and some suggestions for carry oning the session efficaciously are provided below: * Review the regulations for Brainstorming. Describe how this session will be conducted by traveling over the points below. * Set a clip bound for Brainstorming. delegate a timer and informations recording equipment. and get down the clock. Brainstorming should be a rapid coevals of thoughts. so make it rapidly ; 5-15 proceedingss works good. If the clip bound has expired and thoughts are still being generated. you can widen the clip bound at five-minute intervals. * State the subject to be brainstormed in the signifier of a inquiry. Write it down and post it where everyone can mention to it. Guarantee that everyone understands it. * Collect everyone’s thoughts. After leting a few proceedingss for the participants to believe about the inquiry. inquire them to give their thoughts. Establish either a structured or unstructured format for namin g out thoughts: * Structured: The facilitator establishes a rotary motion that enables each individual in the group to lend an thought in bend. Any single who is non ready with an thought when his or her bend comes can go through until the following unit of ammunition. when he or she may offer an thought or base on balls once more. * Unstructured: Team members call out thoughts as they come to mind. This method calls for close monitoring by the facilitator to implement the land regulations and guarantee that all squad members have a opportunity to take part. * Record thought on a chart battalion as they are called out. or cod thoughts written by squad members on Post-Its. Expose the thoughts where everyone can see them. Having the words seeable to everyone at the same clip avoids misunderstanding and duplicate and helps excite originative thought by other squad members. * When entering thoughts. guarantee that they are written down precisely as spoken by the squad member. Don’t interpret. * Clarify each thought after all thoughts have been presented. to guarantee that all members have the same apprehension of it. Indicating to each thought on the chart battalion in bend. inquire the participants whether they have any inquiries about its significance. You may hold to inquire the subscriber to explicate the thought in a different manner. * Eliminate duplicates. If two or mo re thoughts appear to intend the same thing. you should seek to unite them or extinguish the extras. Before you can wrap the similar thoughts into a individual point or extinguish any points on the list. all of those who contributed the similar thoughts must hold that they mean the same thing. Otherwise. they remain as separate points. Brainstorming Techniques * Clustering1. Get down with the chief subject of your essay. Write that word in the centre of your paper. 2. Write down any sub-topics that are connected to that chief subject. Draw arrows to the sub-topics from the chief subject. 3. If you have new thoughts. connect those words to the appropriate sub-topic. * Listing/Bulleting 1. Make a list of terms/ideas/concepts about the subject. 2. Create multiple lists depending on the intent.* Making a CubeSide One: Describe the subject.Side Two: Compare the subject.Side Three: Associate the subject.Side Four: Analyze the subject.Side Five: Use the subject.Side Six: Argue for or against the subject.* Venn Diagram1. Pull two circles that connect. like this: 2. List two subjects above the circles.3. Brainstorm about the subjects – what do they hold in common and what is alone about each one. * Tree Diagram* This diagram has a cardinal thought to which you add subdivisions that focus on inside informations. * Act like a Journalist* It answers the inquiries on what. where. when. why and how * T-Diagram* Using a T form. name a class that you want to compare or contrast about a specific subject or subjects. Make this for a assortment of classs. The Philosophy of BrainstormingBy forcing past the obvious. brainstorming has penetrated the doctrine of the normative and gave birth to a whole new doctrine. the doctrine of spontaneousness. Truly being self-generated consequences to being more originative. â€Å"Brainstorming is a originative thought procedure that can be undertaken as a group activity. though there are a few instances where persons besides use same technique to bring forth wide. diverse and originative thoughts particularly targeted towards work outing a particular job. There are several fluctuations of this technique but across all. there are a few cardinal similarities. One of the supposed cardinal feature of brainstorming is the spontaneousness of the thought coevals procedure. It would look like the more self-generated the brainstorming session is. the more legitimate it is. the more consequences or originative thoughts we believe we can bring forth. It is this cardinal thought that I truly want to dispute. The chief idea behind this spontaneousness of thought coevals is that it is assumed that when thoughts are self-generated. they are fresh. originative and uninhibited by bing believing. pre-conceived thoughts or antecedently tested solutions. As the brainstorming procedure is normally deployed where the job is intractable. new or when the state of affairs has grown to new dimensions. it is hence thought that the ‘spontaneity’ helps unlock new. originative and breakthrough thoughts. However. when you truly halt and believe about it. where and when do you truly acquire your best thoughts? Where do you acquire your most originative and advanced ideas? Does that co-occur with a certain clip of the twenty-four hours and is it when you do a certain activity? Does music or doodling aid? Make you necessitate to be by yourself to be most originative? Knocking each other’s ideas ; this is non even acceptable. if you go by the purist position of brainstorming. So if brainsto rming does non enable the coevals of discovery thoughts and thought. so where and how do we bring forth and acquire our best thoughts from? I have asked this inquiry to quite a few people and professionals for that affair and they were rather consentaneous that originative thoughts rarely happened in the office. It was when they were driving. kiping. jogging. tick overing off at Television. taking a shower or a lazy bath or when reading a book in the ‘other’ little room. holding dinner with friends. etc. That is why a few of the world’s greatest thoughts in the last century started in eating houses on paper serviettes. Not surprisingly. it was when people were relaxed. at easiness. non believing about work or that job state of affairs that they were the most originative. Furthermore. it was frequently in the forenoon or tardily in the eventides. but seldom in the afternoon – which is normally when we are at work. brainstorming. Surveies and findings about how the encephalon works corroborates above responses to my inquiry about when people feel they are the most originative and when they had br eakthrough thoughts and ideas in the yesteryear. So. if this is true and research proves it is. why do we still carry on as if a brainstorming session will really make some white infinite for us? What organisations and persons who know and are smart about this bash is that instead than hold a brainstorming session where we recycle thoughts. they really province the job yearss and hebdomads in progress. so that their staff in their ain manner and clip of being originative. will come into the room on that twenty-four hours with clear thought and originative thoughts on how to travel things frontward. † -Business Day. â€Å"The Wisdom of Brainstorming the Contrarian View† by Ted I. Theodore. hypertext transfer protocol: //businessdayonline. com/NG/index. php/work/35370-the-wisdom-of-brainstorming-a-contrarian-view Being originative will ever be a piece on the brainstorming doctrine. for brainstorming is non merely the coevals of thoughts but the coevals of the best thoughts. Harmonizing to Shaina Rozen’s article. Creativity Happens When You Throw out All Ideas. â€Å"We employ this â€Å"reach deeper† brainstorming doctrine in our work and have found that some of the best thoughts are the 1s that come up after we’ve exhausted all our options. In fact. we’ll frequently walk off from a long brainstorming session and come back the following twenty-four hours to rest our heads. digest some of the thoughts. and come back with a clear caput. Albert Einstein said. â€Å"Insanity is making the same thing over and over once more and anticipating the same consequences. † Making the same old brainstorming may give an astonishing thought one time in a piece. but more frequently than non. it’s merely traveling to bring forth second-rate consequences for your client. However. when you spice up your everyday and push yesteryear the obvious. you merely might blow them off. hypertext transfer protocol: //fortyagency. com/insights/creativity-happens-when-you-throw-out-the-obvious-ideas â€Å"The student-brainstormer portions one major feature with the student- bullshitter: she typically has non reflected profoundly about the philosophical issue under treatment. But. unlike the bullshitter. she is eager to research it by dialoging with others. This is because she is personally related to the subject. She takes it to be a unrecorded one ; it means something to her as an person. † – Kerry S. Walters. On Bullshitting and Brainstorming. 1988. BRAINSTORMING TIPS AND TECHNIQUESMind mapsMind function is the easiest and most popular signifier of brainstorming. They’re particularly effectual if you’re brainstorming on your ain. A head map is a graphical representation of all your thoughts linked to and arranged around one cardinal thought. job or subject. There are no regulations to it apart from jotting down everything that comes in your caput. Your head map can be hierarchal or in a tree subdivision format. You can either make mind map on a paper or utilize an on-line plan like Mind Meister which lets you salvage. import and export your head maps and comes with a free version every bit good. Brain mopess Brain mopess are the most fun. Take a piece of paper or open up your word processor and get down composing everything that comes to mind. There’s no regulation stating it has to be related to the undertaking. If you’re brainstorming logo thoughts for a client and happen yourself believing about tiffin. observe down what you want to hold. Trust me. it’s much more productive this manner. Otherwise. you’ll be stuck seeking to come up with Sons while your oral cavity is irrigating as you’re believing about nutrient. Collaboration If you find yourself stuck for thoughts. talk to person and ask for them on board for the undertaking. Get them to brainstorm with you and compare notes. More frequently than non. your brainstorming spouse will pick up something you might hold missed. happen a correlativity or come up with a alone angle that you wouldn’t hold thought of on your ain. If you don’t want to spouse up on the undertaking. that’s mulct. You can still acquire them to join forces with you for brainstorming every bit long as you return the favor. Change by reversal brainstorming Rearward brainstorming can work in two ways. The first is to visualise the consequence you want to accomplish and so work your manner back to the start. For illustration. if you want to compose a web log station. so depending on how you write. your contrary believing timeline will look something like: †¢Respond to remarks †¢Publish station†¢Format station†¢Write station†¢Create an lineation of the station†¢Write rubricThis technique helps you concentrate on countries that you may take for granted and high spots anything that you might hold missed. In the illustration above. you might recognize that you didn’t pay attending to the data format of the station and now know that you need to make The 2nd manner is to inquire yourself the opposite inquiry of what you’re seeking to accomplish. First. inquire yourself ‘How do I accomplish these consequences? ’ and so inquire ‘How make I accomplish the exact antonym? ’ Let’s take this web log station for illustration. When brainstorming the thoughts for this station. I wanted to do this station exceeding. So I asked myself ‘How can I do this station amazing? ’ I drew up a space. I spent an hr looking at my lineation for this station seeking to calculate out how to do it astonis hing. Then I decided to inquire myself ‘How can I do this station mediocre? ’ The reply was gazing me right in the face – for both this inquiry and the one above. I could do this station mediocre by merely explicating the tips and techniques for brainstorming and non giving any illustrations and non demoing how to utilize these tips. Group Sessionss Group Sessionss are great for acquiring past thoughts that have you stuck. If you’re stuck at a peculiar subdivision of your undertaking. a group brainstorming session can be your ticket to lucidity. The people in your group conveying their ain experience and cognition that will assist you happen thoughts for work outing your job. It’s non necessary for the group members to be from the same field as you. Equally long as they have a fundamental apprehension of what you’re seeking to work out. their thoughts can be priceless. Sometimes. even input from person who has no thought what you’re speaking about can assist. Promote them to inquire inquiries and suggest any thought that comes to their caput – even if it seems silly. Having a novice’s position on your job may merely be what you need to happen a solution. Ask Questions Asking inquiries is a great manner to come up with thoughts and replies to your jobs. Use prompters like what. where. who. when. and how. Suppose you’re making a web site for a tooth doctor. inquire ‘Who is the client? ’ The reply will be. people who have jobs with their dentitions. Next. ask. ‘What sort of jobs do they hold? To which you’ll reply ‘Toothaches. pits. dental plates. etc’ and so on until you have all information you need. Put A Time Limit Puting a clip bound is a great technique if you’re pressed for clip or haven’t been able to brainstorm successfully. It forces you to concentrate and come up with every bit many thoughts as it can in the given clip. The continuance of the clip bound depends on you. The bound has to be short plenty to instil a sense of urgency but long plenty to let you to enter all your thoughts. If you’re seeking this technique for the first clip. get down with 10 proceedingss. For bigger undertakings. interrupt your undertakings down in little balls and so brainstorm them one by one. This manner you won’t experience overwhelmed by the sheer size of the undertaking. SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis is an analysis of your project’s strengths. failings. chances and menaces. Making a SWOT analysis will give you a clear thought of what you have. what you need. what you can capitalise on and what you need to better. Individual BrainstormingIndividual brainstorming puts you in complete control of the originative procedure. and that means you are entirely responsible for any and all consequences. This makes single brainstorming a welcome challenge for some. and a beginning of concern for others. The Upside of Individual BrainstormingWhile single brainstorming may non let you take advantage of the accrued experience of other members of your squad. it will supply you with the freedom to show thoughts without fright of ridicule or rejection. An thought that you may hold been hesitating to convey up in a group brainstorming session may come to fruition during the single brainstorming procedure. and that individual thought may be the 1 that makes the procedure a success. In add-on to supplying you with added personal freedom. single brainstorming besides forces you to delve into the brainstorming procedure and give yourself over to it wholly. When an single insights with a group of people. he or she may be inclined to let others to take the procedure. When single brainstorming is being conducted. there is no 1 else to trust on. which motivates the brainstormer to bring forth thoughts and constructs on their ain. While there is much to be said for group brainstorming. single brainstorming is a procedure that shouldn’t be overlooked. There is much to be said for holding the freedom to pull off your originative procedure without the influence of sentiments. thoughts or self-importances of others. Group BrainstormingWhen it works. group brainstorming can be really effectual for conveying the full experience and creativeness of all members of the group to bear on an issue. When single group members get stuck with an thought. another member’s creativeness and experience can take the thought to the following phase. Group brainstorming can therefore develop thoughts in more deepness than single brainstorming. The Upside of Group BrainstormingAs a regulation. people by and large have originative boundaries that they stay within. Oftentimes. these boundaries are referred to as a â€Å"box† and when one begins to believe â€Å"outside of the box† the originative procedure can truly take off. Group brainstorming helps the members of the brainstorming squad believe outside of their boxes. opening originative doors for each member of the brainstorming squad. Another advantage of group brainstorming is that it helps everyone involved to experience that they’ve contributed to the terminal solution. and it reminds people that other people have originative thoughts to offer. Brainstorming in a group can be hazardous for persons. Valuable but unusual suggestions may look stupe at first sight. Because of this. you need to chair Sessionss tightly so that thoughts are non crushed. and so that the usual issues with group problem-solving don’t knee creativeness. Making a diver se brainstorming squad allows for multiple fonts of cognition and experience for the group brainstorming squad to pull from. Group brainstorming can besides move as a team-building exercising by doing certain all members of the squad show their sentiments and lend their thoughts. | | Approachs to Brainstorming * The Stepladder Technique- This improves the part of quieter members of the group. by presenting thoughts one individual at a clip. The Stepladder Technique is a simple tool that manages how members enter the decision-making group. It encourages all members to lend on an single degree before being influenced by anyone else. This consequences in a wider assortment of thoughts. it prevents people from â€Å"hiding† within the group. and it helps people avoid being â€Å"stepped on† or overpowered by stronger. louder group members. * Brainwriting – Brainwriting uses a written attack to brainstorming to bring forth and develop thoughts. This helps you get thoughts from all persons. and develop these thoughts in deepness. It is similar to brainstorming – they’re both methods for bring forthing thoughts and solutions for a job nevertheless it gives everyone equal chance to take part. and it enables all group members to believe without any ‘blocking. ’

Capital Asset Pricing Modfel slp Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capital Asset Pricing Modfel slp - Assignment Example However, in the CAPM (capital asset pricing model), beta risk denotes the only type of risk for which an investor should receive an expected return that is greater than the risk-free rate of interest (Ehrhardt & Brigham, (2009). The estimated beta coefficient of Apple Inc. is 1.25. A beta of higher than one generally implies that the price of stock of such a company is both more volatile and tends to move up and down with the market. For instance, like in the case of Apple Inc. A stock’s beta of 1.25, theoretically implies that the security is 25 percent more volatile than the market. Such stock is riskier than the market. Even though it poses more risk, the stock should be included in the overall portfolio because it offers the possibility of a greater rate of return. This is so because a beta value of 1.25 indicates that the security is anticipated to do 25% better than the S&P 500 within an up market. This stock should be included in the portfolio to help diversify it due to its high risk-reward ratios (Bradfield, 2007). Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) refers to an economic model that is used to value securities, stocks, assets or derivatives by relating risk and expected return. It is based on the principle that investors demand a risk premium, additional expected return, in case they are required to accept additional risk. CAPM is, therefore, used in pricing stocks or securities (Ehrhardt & Brigham, (2009). Cost of equity or expected rate of return refers to the rate of return that an investor requires before being interested in any given investment at a particular price. It is the rate of return that compensates them for a higher expected risk (Reilly & Brown, 2012). The portfolio is sufficiently diversified; because it has a beat of less than one meaning the assets move in the same direction however the movement is less than that of the benchmark hence less susceptible to everyday fluctuation (Bradfield,

Two Financial Giants Merge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Two Financial Giants Merge - Essay Example This is followed by the maturity stage, in which systems form new links between the control and business layers of the systems. Future expansion of the company formed after the merger will lead to cross-links between the various departments of the new company (Frankel 34). The merger between Wells Fargo and Wachovia necessitated integration of their information systems, reduction of redundant communication links, and management of communication chaos. A merger like that between Wells Fargo and Wachovia posed challenges and benefits for their IT infrastructure. The integration of information systems was made easier by the fact that the two companies were of similar size. However, the two companies had disparate websites, protocols, hardware, images, and systems. To achieve the benefits they expected from the merger, the new company has to rationalize their information technology architecture, application systems, and standardizing systems (Frankel 36). One challenge faced by merging c ompanies in realizing their expectations is insufficient integration of data and information. Synchronization throughout the information systems infrastructure can cause hold ups in daily operations like quote to cash, lead management, sales and marketing, and on boarding of new employees. This leads to complications and a slow down in overall company operation. In addition, the benefits to operational and supporting process applications like marketing, sales, ERP, CRM, finance, and HR makes integration inevitable. Failure to integrate these processes will complicate issues and move the companies away from their core competencies, in this case banking products and services (Frankel 36). Establishing a standard is fundamental for the two companies who merge with different partners, suppliers, and financial systems. It is also important to integrate the two companies’ information systems in order for them to share data. Integration of data within the two organizations will make sure that both organizations can access information that is updated (Frankel 37). This will be possible across the whole new organization regardless of the form in which it was stored by the respective companies, i.e. in the cloud or on premise. If they do create solutions to integrate effectively their data systems, complications will arise when it comes to retrieving information that is scattered across many services, applications, and systems. Finally, integrating the information systems will be important in order to increase their visibility. Because the two companies have similar landscapes in technology, they could possess duplicate information on their clients. In addition, if the two organizations create one data and information integration system for the clients, they will be able to get better-updated client information (Frankel 37). For example, if the two banks have two disparate sales and marketing databases and departments, they may contact one client with the same in formation, which will give them a disjointed image in the clients’ eyes. There are, however, various challenges that face two merging companies with respect to integrating their information systems. One of this is involves achieving success with the integration progress that makes the investment worth it (Frankel 43). For instance, the companies need to have the ability to take advantage of the opportunities that come from

Childhood Obesity Essay Example for Free

Childhood Obesity Essay Pro: My opinion is that parents should be blamed for their childs obesity, whether it be partially or fully, they do influence their childs weight. The parents of children are the ones who provide food for them, so they have direct control of what their child is consuming, so they should be able to help their child maintain a healthy weight. Parents also have control over what their children do, resulting in the fact that parents could enroll their child in an excersize program or at least stop them from sitting around inside all day. This debate is not focused on those who gain weight due to disease; it is focusing on children becoming obese due to food consumption. Con: I really disagree that parents should be blamed for their childs obesity. Its not like the parents are shoving the food down their childs throats. Kids are soley responsible for what they consume. Kids dont just eat at home. They can eat at school, with their friends at McDonalds, ect. So childrens parents arent the main influences in what thier children eat. Pro: Its not like the parents are shoving the food down their childs throats The parents are, however, buying the majority of food that their children eat. Kids are soley responsible for what they consume. Their parents are the ones who buy the food that is available at home, so how could the children be soley responsibe? They can eat at school The majority of schools have supplied healthy foods for students due to rapidly increasing rates of obesity; also, have you considered the many students who bring food from home? Con: Yes some schools do supply healthy food choices but that is only as far as i know for 1/3 of the schools population. And have you considered that schools have alternatives to just a tray lunch such as, as its referred to at my school Ale Cart. Which includes fries, burgers, nachos, everything you can find on the McDonalds Menu. So the parents buy what the kids eat at home but parents do pay attention to what they do buy their kids for food. not every parent buys their kids Fruit by the Foot, Tootsie Pops, and all that other junk that causes childhood obesity. So the parents can and do enforce healthy eating habits!!!!!!!!! Pro: not every parent buys their kids Fruit by the Foot, Tootsie Pops, and all that other junk that causes childhood obesity. Then again, not every child is obese. The parents who carelessly buy fattening foods and leave it in the house already influence what their children will eat, because why choose to eat vegetables when junk food is lying there? Children do not understand this, and therefore will eat the food that is bought by their parents. The majority of children do not eat their food outside of home except for at school, and at school, I know that many countries are opting for a change in food, and this will probably happen. Also, once again, parents could urge their children to excersize or play outside instead of sitting around all day Con: Okay many countries are opting for healthy food but that hasnt happened yet so as of now its not there. And how can parents urge their kids to play outside or whatever when their busy buying food thats not good for their kids as you previously stated!!!! And I know you said we arent debating with diseases and stuff but it is an inevitable fact that obesity is in the gene pool. So like its already in the genes and the parent has no controll over that. So how is it the parents fault?!?!?!?!? And this is off the subject but do you have any idea where i can find decent Values and Value Criterion for school debate cases!?!?!?!?! And how can kids play outside when they have homework!?!?!?!?! Where I go to school there is alot to be tackled; like the debate case I have to have done by 4th period tommorow for instance. Pro: And I know you said we arent debating with diseases and stuff Then why bring it up? I clearly stated in my opening statement that we are not debating about diseases and such, but food consumption. Therefore, for everything mentioned about diseases, I will call it out as invalid. And how can kids play outside when they have homework!?!?!?!?! How do people do extra curricular activites? Homework, on average, takes up thirty minutes to two hours for an elementary school, and perhaps one hour to two hours for gifted. Most schools release children from school around 3:00. This leaves them with four hours at the LEAST with the maximum amount of homework. And how can parents urge their kids to play outside or whatever when their busy buying food thats not good for their kids as you previously stated!!!! Parents do not spend their lives in grocery stores; they could at least mention excersize OR allow them to do extracurricular activities after school. However, when parents notice that their child is obese, they should at least try to change their lifestyle a bit, because a familys lifestyle really does make a difference for a childs weight. Who directs the familys way of life? The parents. Where I go to school there is alot to be tackled Based on your profile, it says that you are in highschool. Highschool is VERY different than elementary school in the amount of work and such people get. Parents are at fault for their childs obesity because they buy the food. They are in charge of what their children do, and they lead the lifestyle of their children. Children need excerize and healthy food. Parents are responsible for both areas. Lack of these things will cause obesity. Parents have control over this, and can stop it. Childrens schools are not guilty, because the majority are changing their menu to stop the rapid growth rate of obesity. Fast food places do hold a bit of the blame, but like my opponent has said before, its not like theyre shoving food down the kids throats. My opponent has failed to prove any clear points as to why parents should NOT be blamed for obesity; he has only provided counter-arguments. Hopefully he will state many points in the final round.

The Lady of Shalott by Tennyson and Lady of Shalott by Liz Loched Essay

The Lady of Shalott by Tennyson and Lady of Shalott by Liz Loched In this essay I will compare and contrast the two poems, "The lady of Shalott" by Alfred, Lord Tennyson and "Lady of Shalott" by Liz Lochhed. The two poems have very similar ideas and themes but are written in two very different styles. "The Lady of Shalott" is set in medieval times and is about a young woman trapped in a tower. She cannot leave the tower or even look out the window, as she believes that if she does a curse will come upon her. So she sits in her tower weaving and watching the people outside using a mirror. "Lady of Shalott", the second poem is set in the 20th century and is about a teenage girl getting ready for a youth club dance. As she's getting dressed she prays that she'll find a boyfriend at the dance, but in the end she returns home disappointed. The first poem, "The Lady of Shalott" is written in ballad form and has a rhythm or beat that goes A-A-A-A-B-C-C-C-B. The first part of the poem is written in a very flowing style, "On either side the river lye Long fields of barley and of rye" The way it is written makes all the verses flow together as they build up a picture of the town of Camelot. This part uses a lot of descriptive words and language, "Four gray walls, and four gray towers, Overlook a space of flowers." This works very effectively and gives you a clear picture in your mind as to how the area looks. The writer also uses imagery when he says "Tis the fairy Lady of Shalott" this suggest that the Lady is not quite real and is a reference to a kind of fantasy theme, which runs through the poem. The second part of the poem is writ... ...es between the poems as similarities though. The main differences between the two poems are the styles in which they are written. Where the first poem has a constant rhythm and rhyme scheme the second poem is written in free verse with no pattern. Another difference is the language used in the two poems. The first poem uses a lot of flowing descriptive words whereas the second poem is much more abrupt with less descriptive language. In conclusion, I would say that although the two poems have similar themes-of love and romance-they are totally different. I would say that I prefer the second poem to the first, as it is more modern. The first poem is really long and old-fashioned and written in a kind of old style language. The second is more up-to-date and easier to read and understand, so it's my favourite of the two.

Leadership Communication Essay

While some people may assume leadership communication does not have to be led by an effective communicator. , It is essential to know that people that withhold leadership positions in organizations need to have strong effective communication skills that are successful within the organizations that suite their positions. Public health organizations such as health departments have leadership communicators who initially, address issues that reflect the present and future of the organization to other members and staff. This is a detailed duty that needs to ensure a person is a superior communicator (Barrett, 2006). Messages that are given from a leadership perspective reflect values of the organization such as vision, mission, and culture (Barrett, 2006). Leadership communicators also focus on consistency expressed through an organizations values in which they communicate frequently within the organization. People that withhold positions in leadership communication strengthen the values and culture within an organization based on organizational values and the mission of the organization (Barrett, 2006). Leadership without good communication is a setback in many organizations, which is why it’s desired for anyone in leadership communication to have certain traits and characteristics. This essay will depict the traits and characteristics needed for success. I chose this as a topic of interest because; many people are unaware of what leadership communication is and the things that they should be aiming towards to become a more effective communicator. I felt that if this topic was highlighted from a different perspective it would strengthen the communication and/or make people in leadership communications become more effective and beneficial communicators within their organizations. I chose to look at leadership communication from the public health leadership aspect  of organizations, because it is essential for them to have strong effective communicators. Surely, while again some people may feel leadership communication does not have to be led by an effective communicator. This essay will highlight some key essentials so that it’s better understood why it is essential that people that withhold positions such as these in leadership have strong effective communication skills within public leadership positions. Effective Communication Concepts/Skills Working in the public health sector has allowed me to familiarize myself with the communication concepts of effective leadership communication. People that withhold positions in proficient development as public health leaders are required to have very strong communication skills. Leaders require competency-based instruction in order to increase their ability to address complex and changing demands of critical services (Wright, 2000). Anyone that is in a leadership position has to be able to speak clearly and proficiently to various types of people. Public health requires individuals in communication leadership to also withhold personal skills of leadership that are essential to the success of public health organizations. People in leadership must master effective communication in order for people around them to have assurance in what they are verbalizing about from a leadership standpoint. Being an effectual leader is well-established in knowledge and implementation of accurate communication skills (Baack, 2012). Lines of communication must always be open from a leadership standpoint in which the people they are speaking to. Interpersonal influences reflect the way the audience receives the information from a leadership standpoint. Communication Process in Leadership The communication process in leadership involves interchanging messages between the source and the receiver (Rowitz, 2012). Maintaining a healthy communication has proven to be effective in productivity. Individuals that withhold positions in communication leadership have to ensure the proper communication channels are followed and open in order to ensure effective communication in the workplace. In the public health sector communication channels have to be open at all times in which all employees understand how they work within the workplace. There are many different ways in which  communication is transmitted within the workplace through leadership communication such as, emails, phones, letters, memos, and face to face meetings. These are very common in public health organizations, due to the increased demand of communication. Leadership communicators look for feedback through all sources of communication that enhances the communication process. The communication process’s can either be verbal or non-verbal. Managers need to ensure that no matter which way they communicate that its always effective communication. Important Traits for Leadership Communicators Many people are unaware of what traits a person in leadership must poses in order to be a successful and effective communicator. Personal characteristic traits such as the ability to make public speeches, rather it’s a group or individual communication. Motivation is a very essential characteristic. People in the public health sector have to be very compassionate and motivated about things in which they are speaking, based on the fact the main goal and function is to communicate effectively to the public in which they understand. Can you imagine if someone was trying to persuade you to stop smoking, through a public speech in which they were non- motivated? The speech would not be considered effective and would not pose as an effective outreach to the public. As a person in leadership when reaching out to do health education to the public we have to ensure we are portraying effective leadership skills, in which people generally look for when speaking. Communication skills are very important to ensure effective leadership in communication. When speaking publicly there is a lot of diversity that public speakers encounter. The proper traits and skills generally assist in these matters and prove to be effective in meeting the needs of various groups through effective communication. Most successful leaders have these traits and skills needed. Leaders also have to be able to respond appropriately and think quickly. Many times, when public health organizations hire or seek people to speak in leadership positions they ensure that the candidate posses certain traits, characteristics, and skills. They make certain the candidate knows how to communicate with all elements of the organization; the public health sector is a major organization with numerous groups of people. Leaders are required to know  how and when to communicate with everyone within the organization, including employees, other managers, and community leaders. All groups require a different communication style and leadership style in which a person in leadership communication must be able to adapt at any time. Flexibility is an important aspect and is also required for skills that a leader must have. When he/she is delivering a message or presentation to the community it would differ in style compared to speaking to employees or other individuals in leadership. Applying Concepts By means of applying the concepts of effective leadership communication to public health organizations and identifying ways in which communication can be improved have found ways in which communication from a leadership perspective can be identified and more effective within the community. By applying the organizational communication concept general communication plays a key component in effective leadership communication. I have found develops that a person that speaks publically through leadership begins to build effective organizational communication is targeted through open dialogue which is developed between management and employees. This show’s to be a result of improved engagement and productivity amongst all personnel. Research When researching leadership communication concepts it allowed me to understand the overall dynamics of an effective leader and the role that they play in the public health sector. When you work in a public health organization you are able to identify and understand what effectiveness is, it makes it easier to identify it within a speaker. When you are able to recognize what skills a person must poses in order to be the most effective as a communicator it makes it a lot easier to improve and evaluate different aspects of communication. I have identified areas in which some people need to improve on as they take roles in leadership communication. If areas that need improvement are highlighted implementations can be made for improvement. The characteristics and traits identified in this essay which surrounds productivity and success behind an organization that presents effective communication through leadership (Rowitz, 2012) supersedes the  amount of people that assume people in leadership do not have to poses skills and concepts to be effective communicator’s. Those who have no knowledge draw incorrect assumptions (Barrett, 2006).This essay has highlighted through my research the knowledge and concepts that some lack when it comes to leadership communication. As Barrett states, â€Å"Leadership without good communication is a setback in many organizations, which is why it’s desired for anyone in leadership communication to have certain traits and characteristics. Communication Training Program In the future of building a leadership communication training program I would propose an organizational leadership and communication certificate training program. The program would be designed to teach people internally within the organization the key fundamentals of leadership development and effective communication strategies. The program would be a team building approach in which everyone would benefit successfully. Upon completing the training program which would be primarily 8 weeks each participant would receive a certificate of completion for successfully completing the program. The training would assist in developing leadership skills, as well as teach speaking skills in a presentation/workshop style class dynamic. Individuals would be introduced to ways in which they could improve their leadership skills. By offering trainings employees and leadership communicators will be able to identify and improve their areas of weakness. I have found that trainings improve employee mora le making communication more effective ensuring successes in productivity. Conclusion Though my researches I have concluded that people that are in leadership positions as communicators must be effective communicators and have a strong set of skills and characteristics that have been highlighted throughout my thesis. This essay depicted the traits and characteristics needed for success. It is essential that people that withhold positions such as these in leadership have strong effective communication skills within public leadership positions. While some people may still assume leadership communication does not have to be led by an effective communicator, facts prove differently based on success within organizations that recognize  specific traits and characteristics needed to succeed in effective communication. The more trainings and improvements that are implemented will ensure that individuals in leadership are well prepared for public speaking within and outside of the community. References Baack, D. (2012). Management communication. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Barrett, Deborah. (2006). Leadership communications. McGraw-Hill Professional, Education, Inc. Garcia, H. F. (2012). Leadership communications: Planning for the desired reaction. Strategy & Leadership, 40(6), 42-45. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10878571211278886 Hackman, M. Z., & Johnson, C. E. (2004). Leadership: A communication perspective. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R. C., & Curphy, G. J. (1996). Leadership. Irwin. Press, N. C. D. (1996). Organizational communication. An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, 383. Rowitz, L. (2012). Public health leadership. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Vries, R. E., Bakker-Pieper, A., & Oostenveld, W. (2010). Leadership=Communication? the relations of leaders’ communication styles with leadership styles, knowledge sharing and leadership outcomes. Journal of Business & Psychology, 25(3), 367-380. doi:http:/ /dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9140-2. Wright, K., Rowitz, L., Merkle, A., Reid, W. M., Robinson, G., Herzog, B., †¦ & Baker, E. (2000). Competency development in public health leadership. American Journal of Public Health, 90(8), 1202.

Securitisation

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of the securitisation of bank loans 1. 1 Introduction â€Å"The recent turmoil in credit markets has highlighted how securitisation has changed in only a few years from being a relatively niche market in the euro area to being a major force behind capital market developments†. This growth in securitisation reflects the increased pace of financial innovation in the financial markets.It is rational to say that this global trend of the growth in securitisation is a result of the advantages that are derived by the different parties engaged in the transaction. Securitisation has become an important tool for many companies and a key part of the global capital markets. However, while securitisation has benefited the financial system as a whole through enhancing its ability in performing its various functions, it has concurrently changed the underlying economics of the banking system, which brought consequences as those experienced in the 2007 financial crisis.Whether the gains exceed the losses is a debatable issue in itself as some intellectuals believe that securitisation has â€Å"contributed to the development of a far more flexible, efficient, and resilient financial system than existed just a quarter-century ago†, while others believe the opposite. The significance of securitisation has led to there has been talks by influential bodies about how securitisation can be regulated or changed as to maximise the benefits and minimize the costs.In this essay, to answer the above question I will define securitisation, explain its mechanics and nature and lastly discuss its advantages and disadvantages for the different parties engaged in it and the financial system as a whole. The scope of this essay is secondary securitisation, so the above will be discussed specifically to this type and not primary and tertiary. 1. 2 Definition of key terms Securitisation in general is the â€Å"creation and issuance of debt secu rities, or bonds, whose payments of principal and interest derive from cash flows generated by separate pools of assets†.There 2 types of securities that can be issued. When the securitised assets are mortgages, the securities issued are known as Mortgage -Backed Securities (MBS) and where it is other assets which are non-mortgage loans then Asset-backed securities (ABS) are issued. In the latter type, assets included are such as consumer loans, credit card receivables and car loans. These securities are marketable financial instruments, and tradable. In every securitisation transaction the capital markets are displacing the banks regardless of its type, whether primary secondary or tertiary, i. . disintermediation. Secondary securitisation is Asset Backed. Bank of England defines this type as â€Å"a transaction or scheme whereby the credit risk of an asset or a pool of assets such is transferred to an external undertaking (the securitisation special purpose vehicle or struc ture), which then transfers this credit risk onwards to investors in fixed-income securities known as asset backed securities issued by that undertaking. The investors in the securities may be either external investors or the institution that originated the underlying assets†.Another way to look at this process is through Professor Llewellyn definition which explicitly high lightens the benefits. He defines secondary securitisation as ‘the conversion of cash flows from a portfolio of assets into negotiable instruments or assignable debts which are sold to investors, are secured on the underlying assets and carry a variety of credit enhancement†. To clearly outline the pros and cons of the participants in the process, one needs to understand their roles as shown below in figure 1. Figure 1 1. 3 How it worksWhen a bank transforms a portfolio of loans that it is currently holding on the balance sheet into tradable securities issued by a bankruptcy-remote special purpo se vehicle it follows a basic procedure as seen in the diagram. A number of customers borrow from the bank. They all have to payback regular interest and principal payments to the bank as agreed upon on the contract. Starting from the originator in this case the bank, it pools together a number of these loans (assets) and constructs a portfolio of which it sells to the special purpose vehicle SPV.The SPV usually acquires the underlying assets from the originator in what is known as a true sale. It is critical that the transfer of assets from the originator to the SPV is legally viewed as a â€Å"true sale†. This is because it gives the investors rights over the specific assets of the originator, such that the investors are not affected by the performance, or bankruptcy of the originator. This would obviously necessitate that the investors, or the SPV which is a conduit on behalf of the investors, has legally acquired the assets.If it is not a true sale the investor will be vu lnerable to claims against the asset originator in this case the bank. The SPV then issues asset – backed securities to investors which investors can them trade in the financial capital markets. Investors then buy these securities and the SPV receives the regular interest and principal payments from the borrowers through the originator or servicer (if the bank does not retain the servicing function) who charge a certain fee. The SPV pays the originator for the portfolio in a lump sum rather than a stream of payments spread over time.It is important to acknowledge that the bank continues to maintain the relationship with the customer and it does not have a duty to inform this about this process. The credit quality of the securities issued by the SPV is rated by a rating agency before being sold to investors. Also another important participant though missing in figure 1:1, is a credit enhancer. This is either internally or externally done and it might take the form of â€Å"ov er – securitisation (placing a higher value of loan in the portfolio than the value of the sale), a third party guarantee or a guarantee from the seller†.This has the effect of limiting the risk to investors. The underwriter is usually an investment bank that serves as an intermediary between the issuer (SPV or the trust) and investors. The swap counterparty as seen in the diagram is normally involved to hedge the interest rate and currency risks on the pool and the trustee ensures that the money is transferred from the servicer to the SPV and that investors are paid in accordance with the promised priority. A crucial aspect of securitisation is the isolation of assets. After a true sale, the assets (collateral) are held by the SPV or equivalent.This protects the seller (originator) from the risk of the assets and investor from the risks of the bank, because even if the bank goes bankrupt, the payments on the assets will continue to be made, so investors still receive t he interest and principal payments. An SPV might be a completely independent entity or a subsidiary of the bank itself. In the crisis it was more of the latter. However, for it to be a subsidiary it will only work if the SPV is bankruptcy remote, as explained earlier. This is where under company law the SPV is immune to the bankruptcy of the ank. This makes their risk entirely different and this is how credit risk isolation and shifting is possible. Also an SPV might become a Structured Investment Vehicle. Often the SPV has a higher credit rating (most secure a AAA rating) than the originator. The SPV performing the asset-backed securitization(s) also usually has a backup liquidity facility in place provided by a stand-by commitment from a syndicate (group) of banks. This facility protects the investors who purchase the commercial paper issued by the SPV as the assets are being purchased and pooled.If for some reason the SPV cannot attract the same or new investors to roll over the commercial paper or there is insufficient cash flow generated by the pool to pay off maturing commercial paper then the SPV draws on the backup liquidity facility to pay off the investors and the bank group then become the owners of the assets held by the SPV (to either wait for the cash flow to improve or to liquidate the portfolio). Credit enhancements are required in order to receive higher debt ratings and thus improve marketability and financing costs.The credit enhancement of a securitization can be achieved by dividing it into tranches and allowing some tranches be exposed first to any loss from defaulting / under-performing individual asset or group of assets first. In this manner, these front-line tranches almost function like an equity piece such that the investors in the other tranches (Mezzanine tranches) are satisfied first before the lower tranches. These lower-rated (first loss) tranches usually receive a higher yield (due to their higher risk position) when the secur ity is first structured in order to attract investors when first brought to market. . Advantages of secondary securitisation There are different aspects to the benefits of securitisation, the benefits derived by the issuer (bank) and those derived by the investor and the financial system as a whole. 2. 1 The issuer Secondary securitisation benefits the banks by helping them generate more funds but also by allowing them to manage their assets and liabilities, risk and also capital. * A source of funding Securitisation enables banks to change the illiquid portfolio of loans into liquid tradable securities. It makes loans marketable.So the banks get funds immediately from selling the portfolio to the SPV. Also there being a secondary market for these securities in itself increases the attractiveness of investors to buy the securities meaning more funds. The funding source is also widened because as the risk are specific, asset –backed securities often appeal to investors who wou ld not normally make funds available to banks by themselves. This source of funding may also be cheaper for the bank. This is because banks do not need to increase their interest rates to ‘attract marginal deposits to fund their loan book’.Also because the banks transfer the asset to the SPV they do not need to hold capital against the loans (assets) which is a cost, making this type of funding cheaper. Ultimately this means that it can offer lower interest rates to borrowers, which could have the effect of increasing the quantity of loans demanded. This cheapness is not always possible; it only depends on the nature of the risks of the portfolio after and before securitisation. * Asset and liability management The fact that securitisation allows banks to shift the assets from their balance sheet allows them to change their asset composition on the sheet within a given total.They can change the structure of their assets and ‘reduce exposure to a particular loan ca tegory’ by securitizing those loans which also helps in managing risks. It also provides the balance sheet with flexibility and facilitates diversification of the loan portfolio. * Risk management As the definition implies, securitisation allows banks to transfer and shift credit risk from their balance sheet to those who are willing and more able to absorb them. Hence this allows banks to manage their risk and limit their risks by selling those loans.The transfer of risk allows banks to not hold any capital against the risks, so as earlier said reduces the cost of banking. It also allows them to manage interest rate risk. * Capital Management Due to the increasing competitive pressures, they cannot earn a sufficient return on the assets to service their capital base well. Securitisation saves them capital as explained earlier. * Other Banks can earn additional income by charging fees on originating loans that it does not intend to keep on its balance sheet.Also banks still g et to maintain their relationship with their customers and reduce the overall cost of intermediation by concentrating on their comparative advantages (originating loans). 2. 2 The investor * It gives investors the opportunity to earn a higher rate of return (on a risk-adjusted basis). Also the high liquidity of securities means that investors can trade them for cash at their own convenience. * Asset backed securities allows the isolation of credit risk from the originator.This could benefit investors in that they are not exposed to the banks risks of which could increase the credit rating of the underlying assets themselves. * Investors also get the opportunity to invest in a specific pool of high quality assets: Due to the stringent requirements for corporations (for example) to attain high ratings, there is a dearth of highly rated entities that exist. Securitizations, however, allow for the creation of large quantities of AAA, AA or A rated bonds, and risk averse institutional in vestors, or investors that are required to invest in only highly rated assets, have access to a larger pool of investment options. Investors can gain portfolio diversification as they tend to invest in securities that may be uncorrelated  to their other bonds and securities. 2. 3 The Financial System In general securitisation, being part of innovation has benefits for the financial system and the economy as a whole by contribution to the basic functions of the financial system: risk-transference, pricing of risk, liquidity-enhancement, credit-generation and financial intermediation, insurance, asset and liability management, an efficient allocation of financial resources, and the funding of financial institutions.Securitisation as a technique means that loans are assed more frequently and hence to current terms as when they are just on a bank’s balance sheet. In a way this allows the risks prices to be adjusted accordingly. Also another important direct contribution is the ability that it offers banks to lend more to the economy by knowing that it can sell the loans. This has its drawbacks which will be discussed later, but while it is possible, it helps the real economy as governments encourage more lending for the betterment of the real economy.In addition, securitisation allows different parties to concentrate on their comparative advantages such as banks being originators. It is in this ways that securitisation increases the efficiency of the financial system which is a social benefit to its people. The Bank for international settlements summarises this in ‘â€Å"the development of credit risk transfer [CRT] has a potentially important impact on the functioning of the financial system. It provides opportunity for more effective risk management, promises the relaxation of some constraints on credit availability, and allows more efficient allocation of risk to a wider range of entities.The pricing information provided by new CRT markets is al so leading to enhanced transparency and liquidity in credit markets. † 3. Disadvantages of secondary securitisation 3. 1 The issuer * The first transaction has to be significant and it can be costly also. There are compliance costs and reduced control by the originator of the assets sold to the SPV. * Though it the securitisation structure looks fairly simple, just like other CRS (credit shifting instruments), they are very complex in nature, to the extent that banks and other institutions did not fully understand the risks which they were taking and exposing themselves to.As seen in the crisis, the risk were not always shifted, sometimes they were just transferred, from credit risk to a liquidity risk and finally to a funding risk , which was evident in the crisis when Interbank Market almost dried up and there was no securities trading. This is what contributed to the financial crisis as while every bank was diversifying into this business, they financial system became less diverse. * If banks do this in large amounts, they could become dependent on the securities market which proved to have it consequences, when trading ceased. As the wealthy reader summarised; â€Å"Without risks, bank went crazy. Credit scores didn't matter, â€Å"liar loans† were common†. This proved to back fire for the banks themselves because they were also investing in securities issued by other banks and it led to huge losses for the banks. 3. 2 The investors Securitisation exposes investors to a number of risks such as * Credit/default risk when maintenance obligations on the underlying collateral are not sufficiently met as detailed in its prospectus. A key indicator of a particular security’s default risk is its credit rating. Different tranches within the ABS are rated differently, with senior classes of most issues receiving the highest rating, and subordinated classes receiving correspondingly lower credit ratings’ . However, the crisis has ex posed a potential flaw in the securitisation process; ‘loan originators retain no residual risk for the loans they make, but collect substantial fees on loan issuance and securitization, which doesn't encourage improvement of underwriting standards’. Prepayment/reinvestment/early amortisation: The majority of revolving ABS is subject to some degree of early amortization risk. The risk stems from specific early amortization events or payout events that cause the security to be paid off prematurely. Typically, payout events include insufficient payments from the underlying borrowers, insufficient excess Fixed Income Sectors: Asset-Backed Securities spread, a rise in the default rate on the underlying loans above a specified level, a decrease in credit enhancements below a specific level, and bankruptcy on the part of the sponsor or servicer. Currency interest rate fluctuations: Like all fixed income securities, the prices of fixed rate ABS move in response to changes in i nterest rates but floating rate securities are affected more. * Moral hazard: Investors usually rely on the deal manager to price the securitizations’ underlying assets. If the manager earns fees based on performance, there may be a temptation to mark up the prices of the portfolio assets. ‘Conflicts of interest can also arise with senior note holders when the manager has a claim on the deal's excess spread’ * There is also a risk that the payments will be late from the servicer. . 3 The financial system The consequences of securitisation that were experienced in the crisis were expensive as Sir Howard Davies inferred â€Å"[CDOs] are the most toxic element of the financial markets today† . Securitisation and Collateralised Debt Obligations (CDOs) are described as two major instruments at the centre of the financial market turmoil. European banks also took on board significant securitisation programmes. . They contributed highly to the global financial cri sis which has had massive costs to the tax payers, governments and central banks.An important aspect of securitisation is that it has changed the traditional model of banking and hence underlying economics of banking. With securitization banks accept deposits, originate loans, utilizes it comparative advantages, as it did traditionally. However with securitisation is does not accept risk, does not hold it on its balance sheet and therefore needs no capital backing and insurance, things which it traditionally did. This change of model have had severe implication for the financial system as banks stopped acting like banks, and it was clear that they did not quite understand the implications.Another big effect is the effect that this had had on the financial system stability of which in itself is an ambiguous issue. 4. Conclusion There has been a division in the overall effects of securitisation to the global economy and financial system. While influential people like Warren Buffet reg ard it as a lethal weapon, others think the opposite. Regardless of the costs there are substantial benefits for the system. It is now evident that when a securitisation gets beyond the critical device of market participants, however, it is capable of destroying value.The potential harm is greater in globally interconnected markets. Hence it would be beneficial for the whole system if regulators, supervisors and all participants learn the flaws of securitisation from the crisis and improve the process to form one which ensures that the benefits are derived at the minimum costs, or no costs. As Professor David Llewellyn states; â€Å"the baby (of securitisation) should not be drowned in the bathwater (of regulation)†. Bibliography * Llyewellyn. , T, David. , 2000,. Securitisation a technique for asset and liability management * Casu, B. , Girardone. , Molyneux P. 2006. Introduction to banking. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. * ECB financial stability review. , 2008. , securi tisation in the Euro area. Available at http://www. afi. es/EO/securitisation%20in%20the%20euro%20area. pdf [ Accessed 5/4/11] * http://www. banque-credit. org/EN/banks/advantage-securitisation. html[Accessed on 19/04/11] * Lederman, J. , 1990. , The Handbook of Asset-Backed Securities * Tarun, S. , Securitisation: Understanding the Risks and Rewards . Available at http://www. qfinance. com/contentFiles/QF02/gjbkw9a0/17/0/securitisation-understanding-the-risks-and-rewards. df [Accessed :01/05/11] * Llewellyn, T, D. , 2009. , the global banking crisis and the post crisis banking and regulatory scenario . Price Waterhouse Coopers. , 2011. , using transparency to thaw the securitisation market. * Available at http://wealthyreader. com/articles/securitization-good-idea-gone-bad-or-what-just-happened/ * Llyewellyn, T, David. , 2008. , Financial innovation and a new economics for banking * Bank of England. , 2007. , general notes and definitions. Available at http://www. bankofengland. co . uk/statistics/reporters/defs/def_gene. pdf . [Accessed 01/05/11] * ttp://ftalphaville. ft. com/search? q=growth+in+securitisation. [Accessed 30/05/11] ——————————————– [ 1 ]. ECB financial stability review. , 2008. , securitisation in the Euro area. Available at http://www. afi. es/EO/securitisation%20in%20the%20euro%20area. pdf [ 2 ]. Llyewellyn, T, David. , 2008. , Financial innovation and a new economics for banking. [ 3 ]. Price Waterhouse Coopers. , 2011. , using transparency to thaw the securitisation market. [ 4 ]. Llyewellyn. , T, David. , 2000,. Securitisation a technique for asset and liability management [ 5 ]. Bank of England. 2007. , general notes and definition. Available at http://www. bankofengland. co. uk/statistics/reporters/defs/def_gene. pdf [ 6 ]. Llyewellyn. , T, David. , 2000,. Securitisation a technique for asset and liability management [ 7 ]. ECB financ ial stability review. , 2008. , securitisation in the Euro area. Available at http://www. afi. es/EO/securitisation%20in%20the%20euro%20area. pdf [ 8 ]. ECB financial stability review. , 2008. , securitisation in the Euro area. Available at http://www. afi. es/EO/securitisation%20in%20the%20euro%20area. pdf [ 9 ]. American securitisation forum. 2003. , preventing abusive lending while protecting credit. Available at http://financialservices. house. gov/media/pdf/110503cc. pdf [ 10 ]. Llyewellyn. , T, David. , 2000,. Securitisation a technique for asset and liability management [ 11 ]. ECB financial stability review. , 2008. , securitisation in the Euro area. Available at http://www. afi. es/EO/securitisation%20in%20the%20euro%20area. pdf [ 12 ]. Casu, B. , Girardone. , Molyneux P. , 2006. Introduction to banking. Essex: Pearson Education Limited [ 13 ]. ECB financial stability review. , 2008. , securitisation in the Euro area.Available at http://www. afi. es/EO/securitisation%20in%2 0the%20euro%20area. pdf [ 14 ]. ECB financial stability review. , 2008. , securitisation in the Euro area. Available at http://www. afi. es/EO/securitisation%20in%20the%20euro%20area. pdf [ 15 ]. Llyewellyn. , T, David. , 2000,. Securitisation a technique for asset and liability management [ 16 ]. Llyewellyn. , T, David. , 2000,. Securitisation a technique for asset and liability management [ 17 ]. Llyewellyn. , T, David. , 2000,. Securitisation a technique for asset and liability management [ 18 ]. Casu, B. , Girardone. , Molyneux P. 2006. Introduction to banking. Essex: Pearson Education Limited [ 19 ]. Available at http://www. credfinrisk. com/assetsecure. html [ 20 ]. Llyewellyn, T, David. , 2008. , Financial innovation and a new economics for banking [ 21 ]. Bank of England. , 2007. , general notes and definition. Available at http://www. bankofengland. co. uk/statistics/reporters/defs/def_gene. pdf [ 22 ]. Llyewellyn, T, David. , 2008. , Financial innovation and a new economic s for banking [ 23 ]. Available at http://wealthyreader. com/articles/securitization-good-idea-gone-bad-or-what-just-happened/ [ 24 ].Available at http://securitization. co. tv/ [ 25 ]. Price Waterhouse Coopers. , 2011. , using transparency to thaw the securitisation market. [ 26 ]. Available at http://securitization. co. tv/ [ 27 ]. Casu, B. , Girardone. , Molyneux P. , 2006. Introduction to banking. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. [ 28 ]. Lederman, J. , 1990. , The Handbook of Asset-Backed Securities. [ 29 ]. Available at http://www. tavakolistructuredfinance. com/Reporting%20v%20PR_Meredith%20Whitney%20and%20AIG%20March%2023%202009. pdf [ 30 ]. Available at http://www. banque-credit. rg/EN/banks/advantage-securitisation. html. [ 31 ]. Llewellyn, T, D. , 2009. , The Northern Rock Crisis: A Multi-Dimensional problem waiting to happen [ 32 ]. Llyewellyn, T, David. , 2008. , Financial innovation and a new economics for banking [ 33 ]. Tarun, S. , Securitisation: Understanding the R isks and Rewards . Available at http://www. qfinance. com/contentFiles/QF02/gjbkw9a0/17/0/securitisation-understanding-the-risks-and-rewards. pdf [Accessed :17/04/11] [ 34 ]. Llewellyn, T, D. , 2009. , the global banking crisis and the post crisis banking and regulatory scenario .

Black Women Who Have Run for U.S. President

Black Women Who Have Run for U.S. President Black women are among the Democratic Party’s most loyal supporters. As such, they have buoyed everyone from white men to a black man and, now, a white woman to the top of the ticket. Unlike Hillary Clinton, a black woman has yet to win the Democratic Party’s nomination for president. But that doesn’t mean several haven’t tried. Multiple black  women have run for president- be it as Democrats, Republicans, Communists, on the Green Party ticket or that of another party. Get to know the African American women who tried to make history before Clinton did with this roundup of black female presidential candidates. Charlene Mitchell Many Americans have the mistaken belief that Shirley Chisholm was the first black woman to run for president, but that distinction actually goes to Charlene Alexander Mitchell. Mitchell ran neither as a Democrat nor a Republican but as a Communist. Mitchell was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1930, but her family later moved to Chicago. They lived in the famous Cabrini Green projects, and Mitchell took an early interest in politics, acting as a youth organizer to protest racial segregation in the Windy City. She joined the Communist Party USA in 1946, when she was just 16. Twenty-two years later, Mitchell launched her unsuccessful presidential bid with running mate, Michael Zagarell, the National Youth Director of the Communist Party. Given that the pair were only put on the ballot in two states, winning the election wasn’t just a longshot but simply impossible. That year wouldn’t be Mitchells  last in politics. She ran as an Independent Progressive for U.S. Senator from New York  in 1988 but lost to Daniel Moynihan. Shirley Chisholm Shirley Chisholm is arguably the most famous black woman to run for president. That’s because, unlike most of the black women on this list, she actually ran as a Democrat rather than on a third party  ticket. Chisholm was born on Nov. 30, 1924, in Brooklyn, New York. However, she grew up partly in Barbados with her grandmother. The same year that Mitchell launched her failed presidential bid, 1968, Chisholm made history by becoming the first black congresswoman. The following year she co-founded the Congressional Black Caucus. In 1972, she unsuccessfully ran for U.S. president as a Democrat on a platform in which she prioritized education and employment issues. Her campaign slogan was unbought and unbossed. Although she didn’t win the nomination, Chisholm served seven terms in Congress. She died New Year’s Day 2005. She was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015. Barbara Jordan Okay, so Barbara Jordan never actually ran for president, but many wanted to see her on the 1976 ballot and voted for the groundbreaking politician. Jordan was born Feb. 21, 1936, in Texas, to a Baptist minister father and a domestic worker mother. In 1959, she earned a law degree from Boston University, one of two black women that year to do so. The following year she campaigned for John F. Kennedy to be president. By this time, she set her own sights on a career in politics. In 1966, she won a seat in the Texas House after losing two campaigns for the House earlier. Jordan wasn’t the first in her family to become a politician. Her great-grandfather, Edward Patton, also served in the Texas legislature. As a Democrat, Jordan ran a successful bid for Congress in 1972. She represented Houston’s 18th District. Jordan would play key roles in both the impeachment hearings for President Richard Nixon and in the 1976 Democratic National  Convention. The opening speech she gave at the former focused on the Constitution and is said to have played a key role in Nixon’s decision to resign. Her speech during the latter marked the first time a black woman gave the keynote address at the DNC. Although Jordan did not run for president, she earned a single delegate vote for president of the convention.    In 1994, Bill Clinton awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom. On Jan. 17, 1996, Jordan, who suffered from leukemia, diabetes and multiple sclerosis, died of pneumonia. Lenora Branch Fulani Lenora Branch Fulani was born April 25, 1950, in Pennsylvania. A psychologist, Fulani became involved in politics after studying the work of Fred Newman and Lois Holzman, founders of the New York Institute for Social Therapy and Research. When Newman launched the New Alliance Party, Fulani became involved, running unsuccessfully for Lt. Governor of New York in 1982 on the NAP ticket. Six years later, she ran for U.S. president on the ticket. She became the first black independent and first female presidential candidate to appear on the ballot in each U.S. state but still lost the race.   Undeterred, she ran unsuccessfully for New York governor in 1990. Two years after that, she launched a failed presidential bid as a New Alliance candidate. She has since continued to be politically active.    Carol Moseley Braun Carol Moseley Braun made history even before she ran for president. Born Aug. 16, 1947, in Chicago, to a police officer father and medical technician mother, Braun decided to pursue a career in law. She earned her law degree from the University of Chicago Law School in 1972. Six years later, she became a member of the Illinois House of Representatives. Braun won an historic election in Nov. 3, 1992, when she became the first black woman in the United States Senate after defeating GOP rival Richard Williamson. This made her only the second African American elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate. Edward Brooke was the first. Braun, however, lost her reelection race in 1998. Braun’s political career didn’t come to  a halt after her defeat. In  1999, she became the U.S. ambassador to New Zealand  in which she served until the end of President Bill Clinton’s term. In 2003, she announced her bid to run for  president on the Democratic ticket but dropped  out of the race in January 2004. She endorsed Howard Dean, who also lost his bid. Cynthia McKinney Cynthia McKinney was born March 17, 1955, in Atlanta. As a Democrat, she served a half-dozen terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. She made history in 1992 by becoming the first black woman to represent Georgia in the House. She continued to serve until 2002, when Denise Majette defeated her. However, in 2004, McKinney won a seat in the House once more when Majette ran for Senate. In 2006, she lost reelection. The year would also prove to be a difficult one, as McKinney faced controversy after reportedly slapping a Capitol Hill police officer who  asked her to present identification. McKinney ultimately left the Democratic Party and ran unsuccessfully for president on the Green Party ticket in 2008.    Wrapping Up Several other black women have run for president. They include Monica Moorehead, on the Workers World Party ticket; Peta Lindsay, on the Party for Socialism and Liberation ticket; Angel Joy Charvis; on the Republican ticket; Margaret Wright, on the People’s Party ticket; and Isabell Masters, on the Looking Back Party ticket.

There is no topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

There is no topic - Essay Example As a means to gain enlightenment Gautama practiced meditation under a ‘bodhi’ tree where he finally realized the true path of freedom from suffering towards salvation. He was henceforth known as â€Å"Buddha† or the â€Å"Enlightened one† ( Hawkins 35).The basic ideals of Buddhism are centred on four noble truths that are the tenets of Buddha’s doctrines. The First noble ideal is the truth of suffering that recognizes that suffering exists. The second ideal emphasizes on the cause of suffering in which ignorance and desire are identified as the major causes. The third noble ideal teaches on the end of suffering in the world or in the spiritual sense by achieving Nirvana. Consequently, the fourth noble ideal creates the path towards the end of suffering (Hawkins 29). The monastic ideal of Christianity referred to the practice of seclusion from the world for the purpose of spiritual communion with God and the universe (Markus 19). The origin and spread of the practice is attributed to Saint Anthony of Alexandria in Egypt (Markus 19). At the age of fifteen, he decided to start off a life of seclusion in the desert for the next ninety years. During this period he became famous as more and more young men joined him in the desert. The ancient Eastern customs sought divine intervention. Furthermore, such people were referred to as hermits or â€Å"desert dwellers† (Hawkins 68)They were considered as holy men by the villagers who offered wise advice to the local villagers. During the spiritual enlightenment process, the hermits would subject their bodies to self punishment such as extreme fasting for the purpose of driving out desires of the flesh and strengthen the spirit. The villagers that sought advice from the hermits would carry offerings of food for them. The basic tenets of Christian monasticism were foremost driven by the

Is the Cost of College Too High Annotated Bibliography

Is the Cost of College Too High - Annotated Bibliography Example Crouch, Michelle. "10 Reasons to Skip the Expensive Colleges: Are Ivy League schools really worth the price?" Reader’s Digest. September 2011. Web. 16 October 2013.The author disclosed ten reasons why it was argued that parents and decision makers of students pursuing higher education should think twice before opting to enroll in Ivy League schools due to exorbitant costs of college education. The strengths of the article, therefore, lie in clearly enumerating rationales for seeking other alternative options for pursuing higher education rather than setting their minds on Ivy League Schools. Likewise, at the end of the discourse, the author provided a link to the list of affordable colleges which could be considered as alternative options. The weaknesses that were noted include the lack of citations and a reference list where readers could verify the authenticity of the information that was provided; as well as the lack of statistical information that could validate arguments from an authoritative perspective. Overall, the discourse could still be used in the current research as a source of inputs for writing the proposed recommendations or courses of action, which could include the recommended option of seeking other least expensive educational institutions which could also provide an equally rewarding educational environment. Likewise, some examples that were noted could also be used; as long as these could be aptly verified as to their authenticity and reliability prior to inclusion in one’s research.